On the other side of the fence, it is not clear that we can confine James’ ‘works’ to acts of charity. To be sure, he has just been speaking about activities that fulfil the law of love and cites as an illustration acts of charity in verses 15–16. But his specific examples, drawn from the lives of Abraham and Rahab (vv. 21–25), do not clearly involve acts of charity. Particularly in Abraham’s case, the focus is on his obedience to God per se, with no inkling of any charity shown to others. Thus it
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